论马克思对李嘉图政治经济学的批判与超越

On Marx’s Critique and Transcendence of Ricardo’s Political Economy

摘要:

在马克思的政治经济学批判链条中,马克思对李嘉图的批判始终占据核心席位。马克思认识李嘉图的过程包括了否定、肯定、初步质疑、全面批判与超越四个阶段。在理论内容上,马克思破解了李嘉图体系的"两个困难",完善并超越了其级差地租理论,全面批判了其积累理论、贸易理论等,既揭示了李嘉图将资本主义永恒化的意识形态特质,直指资本主义私有制和雇佣劳动的剥削本质,又揭示了资本主义不可调和的内在矛盾与历史暂时性。在研究方法上,马克思坚持唯物史观原则,运用辩证法对经济现象予以本质性剖析,超越了李嘉图抽象方法的非历史性和阶级局限性。对李嘉图政治经济学的全面批判与超越,是马克思实现经济学革命的重要环节。

Abstract:

Ricardo’s work occupies a pivotal position in Karl Marx’s critique of political economy. Marx’s engagement with Ricardo evolved through four distinct stages: negation, affirmation, initial skepticism, comprehensive critique and transcendence. Theoretically, Marx resolved the Two Great Difficulties in Ricardo’s system, refined and transcended Ricardo’s theory of differential rent, and comprehensively criticized his theory of accumulation and trade. In doing so, Marx not only revealed Ricardo’s ideological tendency to eternalize capitalism, but also pointed directly to the exploitative nature of capitalist private ownership and wage labor, thereby revealing the irreconcilable inherent contradictions of capitalism and its historical temporariness. Methodologically, Marx adhered to the principles of historical materialism and used the dialectics to analyze the nature of economic phenomena, thus transcending the ahistorical and class limitations of Ricardo’s abstract method. In this sense, the comprehensive critique and transcendence of Ricardo’s political economy is thus of cardinal importance for Marx’s realization of his revolution in economics.