论刑事强制医疗的解除条件:基于“人身危险性”的三维审视

The Conditions for Lifting Criminal Compulsory Medical Treatment: A Three-Dimensional Examination Based on "Personal Dangerousness"

摘要:

在刑事强制医疗程序中,被医疗人如果恢复理性能力,不再对公共安全形成现实威胁,有权通过强制医疗的解除重返社会。《中华人民共和国刑事诉讼法》对强制医疗的解除规定了人身危险性条件,可从法律解释、证据证明与司法审查三个维度对其进行研究。在法律解释方面,应当从事实与规范两个方面对人身危险性进行合理解释。其中,人身危险性的规范维度,涉及法院对被医疗人被解除保安处分、重返社会的适宜性和合理性的判断。在实践中,对人身危险性的事实基础的证明存在较大问题。为此,应当采用多元化的证明方法,规定由申请人承担证明责任,设置"清楚和有说服力的证据"的证明标准。另外,现行强制医疗解除的审理程序存在形式化、书面化及职权化等问题,应当推动该程序的诉讼化转型,使法院可以对人身危险性条件进行实质性、亲历性与对抗性审查。

Abstract:

In the context of criminal compulsory medical treatment, if the individuals undergoing treatment regain rational capacity and no longer pose a real threat to public safety or personal safety, they have the right to reintegrate into society through the termination of such treatment. Criminal Procedure Law stipulates the conditions for personal dangerousness, which can be studied from three dimensions: legal interpretation, evidence-based proof, and judicial review. A reasonable interpretation of this concept should consider both factual and normative dimensions. The normative dimension involves the court’s assessment of the appropriateness and reasonableness of lifting the compulsory medical treatment for the individuals, thereby facilitating their reintegration into society. However, significant challenges exist in proving the factual basis for personal dangerousness in practice. Therefore, a diversified approach to proof should be adopted, placing the burden of proof on the applicant and establishing a standard of "clear and convincing evidence". The current procedure for the termination of compulsory medical treatment is excessively formalized, written-based, and authority-driven. There should be a push towards transforming this procedure into a litigation-based process, allowing the court to conduct substantial, firsthand, and adversarial reviews of the conditions of personal dangerousness.